<p>Seminole Valley Farmstead is a collection of historic farm buildings located in Seminole Valley Park on the west side of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, United States. The historic designation includes the farm house , summer kitchen, livestock barn, tool shed, ice house, chicken house, and smoke house. There is also a small orchard and a garden. The complex is located near a bend in the Cedar River. The farm represents a transitional period between Iowa&#39;s austere pioneer farms and the mechanized farms that developed later in the 20th century. The nearby timber was a source of raw materials for the farm, the fertile bottomland on which it is located provided rich soil for grazing and cultivation, and the smoke house and ice house were used to preserve agricultural products for later consumption. At the same time the barn and the chicken house were more substantial than those from earlier times. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Jan F. and Antonie Janko Farmstead District is an agricultural historic district located west of Ely, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The historic buildings include a two-story, wood frame, side gable house ; a gabled basement barn ; a gabled barn ; chicken house , and a single-stall garage . The corncrib  is the historic structure. A three-stall garage  is the non-contributing structure. The farmstead is located on a hilltop and sideslope. The house sits on the highest elevation, with the outbuildings located down the slope to the west and southwest.</p><br>
<p>The first known owners of the farm were Isaac and Nancy Cox who farmed this property from at least 1859. Jan Janko settled here in 1864 and bought the property from the Coxs in 1875. From then until at least 2000 the farm has been owned by a Bohemian immigrant or a person of Bohemian descent. While the farm no longer reflects the initial settlement of Linn County, it does reflect the early settlement of Bohemian immigrants in the county. It is also significant that the original dwelling, probably a log cabin or log house, is no longer extant. Janko replaced the older house instead of adding onto it, which was more typical of the areas Bohemian immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The Josias L. and Elizabeth A. Minor Farmstead District is an agricultural historic district located northwest of Ely, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The historic buildings include a 1½-story, T-plan, half-timbered house ; gabled barn #1 ; gabled barn #2 ; and the summer kitchen . The corncrib  is the historic structure. Family lore says that Josias Minor settled here in 1846, but an 1878 biography of him gives September 1855 as the settlement date, which is used here for dating the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The farm has always been in the Minor family, who settled here from Pennsylvania. This is a rare example of an early settlement farmstead, and it is the only one in Linn County with its original primary buildings still standing in good condition. By the early 20th-century this farm was part of a cluster of Minor family farms, which reflected the pattern of family-oriented settlements in the county during this era.</p><br>
<p>The Podhajsky-Jansa Farmstead District is an agricultural historic district located southwest of Ely, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The historic buildings include two small side gabled houses ; a two-story, frame, American Foursquare house ; a gabled barn that was moved here from another farm ; and a feeder barn . One of two corncribs , a hog house , and a chicken house  are the historic structures. Another corncrib and a couple of metal sheds from the mid to late 20th century are the non-contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>While the farm dates from at least 1869, it reflects the early settlement of Bohemian immigrants in the county beginning with Joseph and Ann Podhajsky in 1877. John Podhajsky was listed as the owner in 1895, but this could be a mistake as there is no John in the family and Joseph was still alive. Frank Hyuck owned the farm from c. 1902 to 1907. Albert and Josephine Jansa bought the farm in 1907, and it remained in their family into the 1990s. The two small side gabled houses are indicative of a Bohemian immigrant farm. The older of the two was built here in the 1860s or 1870s, and is a step up from a log cabin. It was a gabled cottage with sleeping loft above. The second house was built elsewhere in the 1870s or 1880s and moved here by the Podhajskys in 1880s or 1890s and added to the original house to create a larger house. After the larger family home was built these two houses were separated and repurposed for other uses.</p><br>
<p>Storm Bay is a bay in Sechelt Inlet of the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<p>It is accessible by boat or seaplane. Storm Bay is so named as it affords the only sheltered anchorage in Sechelt, Salmon, and Narrows Inlets.</p><br>
<p>Since the mid-1960s Storm Bay has been home to a number of artists.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Storm Bay is in the Coastal Douglas-fir Biogeoclimactic Zone of British Columbia, which consists of wet, mossy, dense temperate rain forests.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Sechelt nation</h3><br>
<p>Storm Bay has been inhabited by the Shishá7lh (or Sechelt) nation, specifically the téwánkw sub-group of ?álhtulich, stl&#39;ixwim, and skúpa (Sechelt, Narrows, and Salmon Inlets),</p><br>
<p>for around eight millennia. Shell middens indicate ancient and long-term human habitation.</p><br>
<h3>Early twentieth century</h3><br>
<p>Storm Bay was logged intensively and homesteaded early in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the Sechelt Brick & Tile Company Limited built a small brickworks in Storm Bay which closed after two years due to the poor quality of the clay. The Canadian government built a large brick plant in 1921 as a "returned men&#39;s project&quot it too was short-lived.</p><br>
<h3>1960s and 1970s</h3><br>
<p>Many people loosely associated with the intentional community movement settled in Storm Bay during the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the notable artists Kate Craig (who died in Storm Bay in 2002,) David Rimmer, Karen Jamieson, Hank Bull and Glenn Lewis.,</p><br>
<p>In 1980 a Royal Canadian Mounted Police member from the Sechelt detachment could name only Storm Bay when asked about extant communes. Its inhabitants however eschew the word commune, and refer to Storm Bay as a neighbourhood.</p><br>
<p>Île Milliau  is an island on the coast of Brittany, France, in the commune of Trébeurden . It is the property of the Conservatoire du littoral. It is a short distance west of the</p><br>
<p>port of Trébeurden, and is accessible on foot at low tide. Its length is about 1 km and is about 23 hectare in area. There is moorland, with ferns and maritime shrubs.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>On the island is a prehistoric site, an allée couverte (gallery grave), known as Ty Liac&#39;h, built in the Neolithic period. It is in the central part of the ridge of the island. There are ten upright stones, supporting three horizontal slabs. There are other stones on the ground which once were supporting stones; there was at least one other horizontal slab. The original length was 14 –, and it had a lateral entrance on the north side.</p><br>
<p>It is south of an adjacent field in which, from aerial photographs, traces have been detected of about twenty prehistoric circular huts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is thought that St Miliau, in the 6th century, stayed here; he evangelized the local area, and founded the parish of Ploumilliau.</p><br>
<p>There is a farmhouse on the island (now converted into a gîte), of which the earliest parts date from medieval times. In the north-eastern gable-end is a relatively well-preseved medieval monastic cell. It measures 3.5 m by 4.5 m and its height is 2 m. The interior is formed with slabs about 0.5 m wide.</p><br>
<h3>Maison Aristide Briand</h3><br>
<p>Mademoiselle Uro-Lalès, also known as Lucie Jourdan (1883–1957), bought the island from Count Anatole James in 1911. It remained her property until 1942. In 1920 she had a villa built here; she was the mistress of the politician Aristide Briand, and the villa was known as Maison Aristide Briand. During the Second World War, the building was occupied by German soldiers. In more recent years it became derelict, and it was demolished in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Weiselberg is a high hill in the North Palatine Uplands near Oberkirchen in the Saarland county of St. Wendel.</p><br>
<p>The Weiselberg is covered in forest, especially on its upper slopes and is a habitat for rare species of plant. It was made a nature reserve in 1950.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Weiselberg is located in the southeastern part of the Saar-Hunsrück Nature Park immediately west of the village of Oberkirchen through which flows the Blies tributary of the Oster which rises on the north-northwest of the hill. Oberkirchen itself is in the municipality of Freisen. To the west-northwest rises the Leichweilerbach, a left-hand headstream of the Betzelbach. To the south is the Weiseler Born, the source of the Oster tributary, the Wilmesbach. The northern hill spur of the Weiselberg is the roughly -high Mittelberg, whose terrain transitions into the hill of Hochrech.</p><br>
<h3>Natural regions</h3><br>
<p>The Weiselberg lies in the natural regional major unit group of the Saar-Nahe Uplands (No. 19) on the boundary of the major units of the North Palatine Uplands (Glan-Alsenz Uplands and Hill Country, Glan-Alsenz-Berg- und Hügelland; 193) with its sub-unit, the Kusel Upland (Kuseler Bergland, 193.3) in the east and the Prims-Nahe Upland (Prims-Nahe-Bergland) (Upper Nahe Hills Oberes Nahebergland; 194) with its sub-unit, the Hirstein Upland (Hirsteiner Bergland, 194.2) in the west.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically, the Weiselberg belongs to the North Palatine Uplands. Its summit dome consists of volcanic rock (vulcanite) of the Permian (Rotliegendes), about 280 million years old.</p><br>
<p>A vulcanite is formed, when magma rises through the earth&#39;s crust and breaks out onto the surface of the earth. As it is weathered the soft rock surrounding it is eroded and the hard volcanic rock is left behind.</p><br>
<p>The hill is made of rock typical of its kind and which is named after it: weiselbergite (type locality), which was first described in 1887 by Karl Heinrich Rosenbusch. It is a deep black and light blue magmatic rock with isolated pieces of feldspar which give the appearance of the sky at night. According to Tröger it is a dacitic vulcanite with about 66 % glass content. Agates are found within the rock. As early as Roman times agate was being excavated on the surface of the hill. From the 15th century, during an agate boom period, the green rock was mined using adits.</p><br>
<p>The Weiselberg is a magmatic volcanic plug. Its most striking rock formation is the Steinerne Schrank ("Stone Cupboard"), a wide rock face which looks like a large cupboard.</p><br>
<p>On the southern slopes of the Weiselberg lies a basaltic blockfield, the Steinernes Meer ("Rocky Sea"). Originally, magma rose from the earths interior. It gradually solidified under the earths surface to form mostly pentagonal column formations, which is typical of slowly cooling basalt. Their shape was caused during cooling by shrinkage of the magma, similar to cracks in the drying mud of a puddle. Over a period of millions of years, the surrounding softer rock was eroded. The blockfield visible today was formed during the ice age around 10,000 years ago by solifluction of the weathered rock columns.</p><br>
<p>1982 mapping showed that the rock columns in the area of the summit dome have a so-called Meilerstellung ("milling position"). This is usually caused by the fact that a lava lake in the crater of a volcano solidifies relatively quickly. The high glass content in the rock also indicates that the original magma was very near to the surface and cooled fast. The columns then formed perpendicular to the crater walls.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the Weiselberg is protected by the Weisselberg Nature Reserve (CDDA No. 82884; established in 1950; 74.2 ha in area), the Weisselberg Special Area of Conservation (FFH No. 6409-305; 78 ha) and the Weisselberg bird reserve (VSG No. 6409-305; 78 ha). On the hill are parts of the protected area of the County of St. Wendel and Municipality of Freisen (CDDA No. 390232; 1976; 11.4797 km²).</p><br>
<p>The Tobias G. Mealey House is a historic house in Monticello, Minnesota, United States. Its original section was built in 1855 by Tobias Mealey . The Mealey family made numerous additions to the house throughout the latter 19th century, and later owners added a large wing to the east. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for having local significance in the themes of commerce, exploration/settlement, and politics/government. It was nominated for its association with Mealey, an influential local settler, entrepreneur, and politician.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tobias G. Mealey House stands in seclusion on a thickly vegetated hill on the outskirts of Monticellos historic core. The original section is a simple two-story frame building with gables adorned with open pediments. The main entrance was on the west façade, which was spanned at one time by a colonnaded porch. The house gradually developed a rambling, complex structure with the addition of porches, gables, chimneys, and rooms, including a kitchen and summer kitchen extending to the east, and the main entrance shifted to the southeast corner. However a consistent exterior treatment of narrow-lap clapboard maintained uniformity. Later owners added a full wing to the east, which contained a garage and antique shop at the time of the houses National Register nomination in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tobias Mealey grew up in New Brunswick, Canada, but went west in his late 20s to participate in the California Gold Rush. Returning to New Brunswick in 1852 he passed through Minnesota and liked what he saw there. Saint Paul was too well established for him and Minneapolis had yet to come into prominence, so Mealey opted to settle in Monticello, then still called Moritzious. He sited their house on a hill away from the Mississippi riverfront to get away from the boatmen and lumberjacks he deemed unsavory.</p><br>
<p>Mealey invested in several businesses, including a sawmill, two factories, and a general store, helping to grow Monticello&#39;s economy. He also farmed the property around the house. Active in politics, he served in some local judicial positions before running for office in the Minnesota Legislature as a Democrat, where he served several terms in the 1870s. He forged connections with other influential Minnesotans, selling land to Thomas Lowry for a summer home and becoming close friends with railroad magnate James J. Hill.</p><br>
<p>Tobias and Catherine Mealey had two sons and three daughters, and their growing family prompted successive additions to the house. In 1884 their daughter Susan married Rufus Rand, then vice-president of the Minneapolis Gas Light Company. As a wedding gift, the Mealeys gave the couple a large lot next to their own, upon which Susan designed the 30-room Rand House as a summer home. James J. Hill had a railroad spur constructed nearby for the convenience of his friend&#39;s wedding guests.</p><br>
<p>Tobias Mealey died in 1904, whereupon Catherine moved in with one of their daughters. The Mealey family continued to use the house as a summer home until about 1940. It stood vacant until 1947, when it was purchased by Carl and Jeanette Sebey, who undertook a restoration. After the Sebeys moved out the house suffered another period of vacancy during which it was vandalized, inhabited by skunks, and encroached on by vegetation. Antique dealers Bob and Marion Jameson purchased the property in 1965 and began restorations again. As of the 2010s, though, the house appears to be vacant once more.</p><br>
<p>The Marion Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Marion, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The historic district covers the city&#39;s central business district. The development of this area largely occurred when Marion was the county seat of Linn County . There are no county government buildings extant from this era. The city was also a division point for the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>The period of significance is from 1855, when the oldest building in the district was built, to 1957 when the area had reached the culmination of its development. Fires in 1894 and 1895 destroyed a number of buildings, and they were replaced by more stylish commercial buildings. Commercial blocks in styles popular in Late Victorian era are dominant here. Most of the buildings in the district housed commercial operations, but it also includes three houses and two churches. Also located here is the former Marion Carnegie Public Library (1905), which is individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. City Square Park is the contributing site. It was established in 1839, and the county courthouse was located across Sixth Avenue where the public library is now located. The Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1914) and the Cannon Monument, both located in the park, are the contributing objects. Tenth Street between Fifth and Seventh Avenues was paved with bricks in the late nineteenth century, and it is the contributing structure. Remnants of the historic train station that was torn down in 1988 were used to create a shelter house in City Square Park. It is one of the non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Forsyth Main Street Historic District is a 4 acre historic district in Forsyth, Montana which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It included 24 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by Cedar St., 11th Ave., Main St., and 8th St.</p><br>
<p>Buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Commercial Hotel (1903-06), 807-825 Main St., Renaissance Revival</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple (1911), 1031-1047 Main St., Renaissance Revival</p><br>
<p>McCuistion Building (1913), 1025 Main St.</p><br>
<p>Austin & Laughlin Livery, 152 North 10th</p><br>
<p>Roxy Theatre (1930), 981 Main St., Spanish Eclectic</p><br>
<p>Thornton & Choisser Saloon, 963 Main St.</p><br>
<p>Merchant&#39;s Bank Block, 927 Main St.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Hotel, 905-923 Main</p><br>
<p>American Hotel Cafe, 145 North 9th</p><br>
<p>J.E. Choisser Block, 167 North 9th</p><br>
<p>Kennedy-Fletcher Block, 164-182 N. 9th</p><br>
<p>Bank of Commerce, 158 North 9th</p><br>
<p>Wachholz Building, 879-897 Main</p><br>
<p>Lake Springfield is a 318-acre artificial cooling lake located in Springfield, Missouri created for the Jame River Power Plant. It was built by placing a dam on the James River. It now serves as a popular fishing and recreation area. It is one of three fishing lakes in the city of Springfield, the others are Fellows Lake and Valley Water Mill Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Springfield was created in 1957 with the construction of a dam on the James River. The city of Springfield purchased the land before it was submerged. It cost $11.1 million to buy the land and build the dam to create the lake and first two units of the power station. The lake was to be a cooling reservoir for the James River Power plant. Construction on the first two units of the power plant was started in 1957. Three more units were added to the power plant by 1970.</p><br>
<p>Water from the lake was used to cool the steam generators. The city used the creation of the lake to create a large recreational area because the area was in close proximity to the city and the area had been previously been used by the public for 75 years.</p><br>
<p>The generators were originally constructed to burn natural gas but the federal Fuel Use Act of 1978 forced it to switch to coal.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the Missouri Department of Conservation partnered with City Utilities of Springfield to create a boat ramp, fishing dock, and several fishing platforms and lake accesses.</p><br>
<p>The generator units had a life expectancy of 30 years. In 2015, the power plant was slated to be shut down. The original three generators have already been discontinued.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake contains largemouth bass, white crappie, bluegill, redear sunfish, and channel catfish. It is a popular fishing destination for residents of Springfield. Springfield City Utilities limits the size of motor boats to 6-HP because the lake is shallow and large boats would stir up silt. There is a waterfront park with kayaks for rent, fishing docks and fishing jetties.</p><br>
<p>Yamahata Cave Tomb Cluster is cluster of 6th Century AD cave tombs located in what is now the city of Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The site is located on the southern slope of a tuff hill, and consists of 26 tombs, of which 23 were excavated in 1972. The tombs have various styles of ceilings, some of which are gabled or arched, and some of the tombs have a finished floor. Of note are Tombs 6, 10 and 15, which were found to contain concentric and lattice patterned decorations in red paint. Artifacts discovered included clay vessel shards, Sue pottery, fragments of metal implements or swords, all of which date the tombs to the late 6th century in the late Kofun period through early Nara period, although some of the tombs appear to have re-used in the 9th century.</p><br>
<p>The tombs were backfilled for preservation except for Tomb 15, which was preserved as part of a museum exhibition, along with the excavated items.</p><br>
<p>Miyazawa site is a late Nara period to early Heian period archaeological site located in the Furukawa district of what is now the city of Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>In the late Nara period, after the establishment of a centralized government under the Ritsuryō system, the Yamato court sent a number of military expeditions to what is now the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control. After the establishment of Taga Castle, Yamato forces gradually pushed into the hinterland of what is now Miyagi Prefecture, establishing several fortified settlements against increasing Emishi opposition. A fort was built on this site in 767 AD.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered during construction work on the Tohoku Expressway in 1974, and was excavated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education from 1974-1977. The site is in a hilly area on the northern edge of the Ōsaki plan at an altitude of around 50 meters, and extends 1400 meters east-west by 850 meters north-south. The roughly rectangular compound is surrounded by earthen ramparts, moat and a wooden palisade. Inside, post holes for buildings and the foundations of pit dwellings have been discovered, along with Sue pottery fragments and metal implements.</p><br>
<p>It is uncertain if this was a josaku-type fortification, or the remains of a government office site for Nagaoka District</p><br>
<p>Daikichiyama Tile Kiln site is the remains of a late Nara period, early Heian period roof tile production site located in what is now the city of Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>As the Yamato government extended its control over Mutsu Province in the 8th Century AD, a number of fortified administrative centers and Buddhist temples were built in the area centered on Taga Castle. One feature of the buildings in these structures was the use of tiled roofs, which was a symbol of continental culture and the advanced state of the central administration. The Daikichiyama Kilns are one of several which have been found within what is now Miyagi Prefecture. These kilns were located in hilly land, near the sources of clay and fuel for the kilns; however, from the design patterns on shards found at the site, it was determined that the tiles from the kilns were used at Taga Castle, over 40 kilometers to the south, among other areas.</p><br>
<p>The site is located on the eastern slope of a hill about 50 meters in height, and consists of perhaps five kilns. The kilns are built underground into the slope of a hill, and are a stepless form of the traditional anagama kiln. The site has not be excavated in detail. Various styles of roof tiles have been recovered from the site, including cylindrical, flat, arch-shaped, and parts of a demon-shaped end tile. These are identical to tiles found at the site of Taga Castle, indicating that this was an official kiln of Mutsu Province.</p><br>
<p>Kido Tile Kiln site is the remains of a late Nara period, early Heian period roof tile production site located in what is now the city of Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>As the Yamato government extended its control over Mutsu Province in the 8th Century AD, a number of fortified administrative centers and Buddhist temples were built in the area centered on Taga Castle. One feature of the buildings in these structures was the use of tiled roofs, which was a symbol of continental culture and the advanced state of the central administration. The Kido Kilns are one of several which have been found within what is now Miyagi Prefecture. These kilns were located in hilly land, near the sources of clay and fuel for the kilns; however, from the design patterns on shards found at the site, it was determined that the tiles from the kilns were used at Taga Castle, over 40 kilometers to the south, among other areas.</p><br>
<p>The site is located in the northern part of the Ōsaki Plain, on the southern slope of a hill in former Tajiri town. The site consists of three kiln locations, of which only the northernmost has been designated a National Historic Site. The site was excavated in 1957 and 1974. The kilns are built underground into the slope of a hill, and are a stepless form of the traditional anagama kiln. The site has not be excavated in detail. Various styles of roof tiles have been recovered from the site, including cylindrical, flat, arch-shaped, and parts of a demon-shaped end tile. These are identical to tiles found at the site of Taga Castle, indicating that this was an official kiln of Mutsu Province.</p><br>
<p>Nakazawame Shell Midden is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the city of Ōsaki, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period, and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens. However, the Nakazawame Shell Midden is located in an inland region well over 40 kilometers from the coast.</p><br>
<p>The Nakazawame Shell Midden is located at an elevation of approximately twenty-nine meters above the Kitakami River. The midden is large, extending for 270 meters east-west and 220 meters north-south, indicating continuous usage over thousands of years. A preliminary survey was conducted in 1974 by Tohoku University, during which time (in addition to freshwater shells and fish bones) numerous artifacts of earthenware, clay as well as bone fishhooks and bone combs and ornaments were uncovered. Some of the artifacts discovered were made from materials found in the Ōu Mountains, indicating a network of long-distance trade existed in the Jōmon period. The foundations of three pit dwellings were also found in the vicinity.</p><br>
<p>The Longquan Mountains are a low-lying range of mountains in Sichuan, China. The mountains are long, on average wide, and form a ridge-like barrier between the Chengdu Plain and the rest of the Sichuan Basin. They range from Deyang in the north to Leshan in the south. The highest point of the range is Ximei Mountain  at in Zhongjiang County. The Longquan are bissected by the Tuo River in the north that forms a -deep gorge through the mountains.</p><br>
<p>The Longquan Mountains are the westernmost detachment fold in the Sichuan Basin. The other detachment folds the region are found in the east of the basin, so the Longquan stand out relative to the alluvial Chengdu Plain in the west and the Sichuan Basin&#39;s rolling hills to the east. The Longquan Mountains have shown tectonic activity in the past, although pressure built up at the edge of the Sichuan Basin now tends to release along the Longmenshan Fault, further west.</p><br>
<p>The eastern suburbs of Chengdu reach the base of the Longquan in Longquanyi District. Approximately 23% of the Longquan are still forested, while agricultural uses, temples, and small villages cover the remaining portions. Luodai Ancient Town, a popular tourist destination, is found at the foothills of the Longquan. As a major north-south range directly to the east of Chengdu, most transportation links between the capital city and the rest of the Sichuan Basin cross through the mountains including the Chengdu–Chongqing Railway and G76 and G42 expressways.</p><br>
<p>Ōsuzukami Site is an archaeological site with the remains of a late Jōmon period settlement located in what is now the city of Ōshū, Iwate Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Ōsuzukami site is located in the southwestern portion of Iwate Prefecture, on a river terrace with an altitude of 280 meters. It was excavated in the year 2000 in conjunction with the construction of the Isawa Dam. The excavation revealed a central square with a diameter of approximately 20 meters, surrounded by 62 large pit dwellings orientated with their long axis facing towards the center of the square. Outside the large pit dwellings were smaller pit dwellings, and simple pits which were used for storage purposes. There was evidence of frequent rebuilding and expansion, indicating that the site had been used for a long period of time.</p><br>
<p>Myōdate Government Offices Site is the site of a Nara period government office complex located in what is now part of the city of Ōsaki, Miyagi prefecture in the Tōhoku region of far northern Honshu, Japan. The site was proclaimed a National National Historic Site in January 1999. It slightly predates the construction of Taga Castle to the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In the late Nara period, after the establishment of a centralized government under the Ritsuryō system, the Yamato court sent a number of military expeditions to what is now the Tōhoku region of northern Japan to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control.</p><br>
<p>The site was long believed to have been the location of the castle of the Ōsaki clan, who held the post of Oshu Tandai in the Muromachi period. However, large quantities of roof tiles had always been uncovered by farmers in nearby fields, and when these case to the attention of archaeologists in the 1980s, it was quickly determined that the remains were actually from the Nara period. Subsequent excavation revealed that the site was mostly like a josaku-style Japanese castle dating from the late 7th to early 8th centuries. From its geographic location, the likely candidate is the Tamazukuri Castle mentioned in ancient records.It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The ruins are located in the northeast of the Osaki plains of northern Miyagi Prefecture, a short distance to the south of the Daikichiyama Tile Kiln Site and several ruined Buddhist temples dating from Nara period. The site consists of the remnants of a square enclosure, approximately 700 meters east-west by 110 meters north-south, with an earthen rampart, presumably surmounted by a wooden palisade. Inside the enclosure, post holes and foundation stones indicate the locations of political affairs and ceremonial buildings, and numerous warehouses.</p><br>
<p>There is nothing to be seen at the site today except for a commemorative stone marker.</p><br>
<p>The Yamamae Site is an archaeological site located in what is now the town of Misato, Tōda District, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The site is the ruins of a settlement with associated tombs and shell midden containing remains from the early Jōmon period through the Kofun period, indicating continuous occupation over several thousand years. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The site is located on an isolated hill with an elevation of 15-20 meters over the surrounding Ōsaki plains. Per excavations conducted in 1965, 1974 and 1975, the remains of a Jōmon period settlement were found on the southern side of the hill, with the shell midden on the eastern side. The shell midden contained shells from mostly freshwater shellfish, but also had oyster shells, despite its distance from the ocean. The settlement extended for approximately 490 meters east-west by 120 meters north-south. A number of horizontal cave tombs were also found. The top of the hill was terraced, and post holes for a 5 meter diameter pit dwelling was found near the summit. The base of the hill has moat, with a width of 5-6 meters, which indicates that the settlement was later fortified during the Kofun period. From within the moat, wooden spurs, bamboo spears and other weapons were found.</p><br>
<p>Nagane Shell Midden is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Wakuya, Tōda District, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period, and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish, fish, animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts, including earthenware shards, fishing hooks, etc.</p><br>
<p>The Nagane Shell Midden is located in an inland location at an elevation of approximately thirteen meters; however was found to contain many shells from mollusks native to brackish water in its lower layers and shells from freshwater mollusks and fish in its upper layers, indicating that the coastline in the region has receded. Aside from shellfish, the midden also contained the bones of deer and wild boar, and waterbirds including swans, geese and ducks. Other artifacts found in the 1968 excavation included pottery, stone implements, and vessels made from bone or horn. In addition, the foundations of two pit dwellings were uncovered.</p><br>
<p>The midden is very large, extending for 300 meters east-west and 250 meters north-south in a “U”-shape, and spans the end of the early Jōmon period through the late Jōmon period (i.e. 6000 to 2300 years ago). It is the largest shell midden in Miyagi Prefecture.</p><br>
<p>The Pucker Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Marion, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The historic district is a residential area near Marions central business district. The people who initially built homes here were the citys pioneer families and then their descendants. It is also where the city&#39;s wealthy and influential citizens built their houses along Eighth Avenue and its adjacent streets. The neighborhood was called "Pucker Street" because of the superior attitudes that some of its early residents were said to have pocessed.</p><br>
<p>Marion was established was one of the first towns in Linn County in 1839, and it served as its first county seat until 1919. Its early development came about because of its status. There were three building booms in this neighborhood: a small one in the 1850s and the 1860s, a major one in the 1880s and 1890s, and a period of infill construction and remodeling from the 1910s to the 1930s. It was fully developed by the 1940s and has not seen significant construction in subsequent years. Because of the prominence of its residents, the popular architectural styles of the era are found here, especially the Italianate and Queen Anne. The primary buildings are houses while the secondary buildings are carriage houses and garages. Three retaining walls are the contributing structures and two mounting blocks are the contributing objects. Three houses are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Samuel M. Lane House (1868), the James W. and Ida G. Bowman House (1910), and the Glenn O. and Lucy O. Pyle House (1924).</p><br>
<p>The Terrace Park Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Marion, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The historic district is a residential area north of Marions central business district. Like the nearby Pucker Street Historic District, Terrace Park is where the citys wealthy and influential citizens built their houses.</p><br>
<p>Marion was established was one of the first towns in Linn County in 1839, and it served as its first county seat until 1919. Its early development came about because of its status. The houses here were built between 1874 and 1904, with additions and updates occurring until about 1930. Because of the prominence of its residents, the popular architectural styles of the era are found here, especially the various Victorian styles still in vogue.</p><br>
<p>The Ash Park Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Charles P. Whittemore and William E. Platner platted Ash Park on the former Reuben Ash farm on August 17, 1893. Platner operated the local stone quarry, and many of the house foundations are made of stone and are a reminder of his role in developing the neighborhood. The Panic of 1893 was a setback for the developers, but by 1895 the local economy had recovered enough that lots began to sell. Thirty-six of the 42 houses in the district were built between 1895 and 1919. Construction was sporadic until the 1960s, with the last five houses built after that. The district also represents Mount Vernon&#39;s railroad-related prosperity, as most of the houses are from this era and remain relatively unchanged. They exemplify the popular architectural styles of the era, especially the various Victorian and revival styles in vogue at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Vernon Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. This linear historic district is a block and a half in the middle of the central business district. It folows the ridgeline of the paha that defines the town. The buildings were constructed between 1860 and the 1930s, with most of them in place by the turn of the 20th century. Eight of them were built in the 1890s. The district is also unified in appearance with two-story pressed brick facades, ornate metal cornices, heavy pedimented window hoods, and roughly dressed limestone trim dominate. The decorative elements recall Mount Vernon&#39;s railroad-related prosperity, as they were brought in by train.</p><br>
<p>Bearcreek Bank is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in Bearcreek, Montana. It was added to the Register on March 31, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Initially the bank was a branch of Carbon County Bank headquartered in Red Lodge, Montana. In 1907, the bank was renamed the Bearcreek Bank with Copper King William A. Clark as the president. Beginning in 1911 the name Clark-Wright Bank in Bearcreek began appearing in advertisements. The bank closed in 1920 after the International Coal Company defaulted on a $170,000 loan. In 1921 it reopened as Miners&#39; State Bank with former mine foreman Tom Frasure as president. The bank closed permanently in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The bank building serves as a hub for the Bearcreek commercial district. When the nomination form was submitted in 2002 the building housed the town hall. Purchased by Bert Vaill and built by prominent area stonemason John Russell, it is a one-story Romanesque style with sandstone quarried just north of town. According to the site placard: "Symbolizing Vaill’s faith in Bearcreek’s future, the bank’s thick stone walls were also meant to assure customers that their money was safe from theft and bank failure, a tenuous assumption in the days before Federal Deposit Insurance."</p><br>
<p>The Cornell College-Mount Vernon Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. There are also a couple of churches on the east side of the district, and an old hotel was converted into apartments.</p><br>
<p>People began to settle here as early as 1836 and the city was platted in 1847. The Methodist Episcopal Church established the Iowa Conference Male and Female Seminary here in 1853, and it changed its name to Cornell College four years later. King Memorial Chapel (1876) is individually listed on the National Register. The Chicago and North Western Railroad came to town in 1859. After the American Civil War the towns economy expanded with larger factories, and the areas prosperity included the vast agricultural lands that surround Mount Vernon. The first period of growth in the 1850s saw several brick residences built, and a second period of growth from 1885 to 1900 saw a large number of frame residences built. Early residential development began around the college campus on its east and north side. By the early 1900s development reached the west side of the campus. Construction of buildings on the Cornell Campus continued after the post-World War II population boom. Architect William Jay Brown designed college buildings in the 1930s, the Cedar Rapids architectural firm Green and Co. designed buildings in the 1950s, and Harry Weese and Associates in the 1960s. Residential construction has also continued here into the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Newhailes House is a Palladian style country house which stands in 80 acres of parkland on the edge of the small town of Musselburgh in East Lothian, Scotland. Originally named Whitehills, it is a Category A listed building which is now occupied and maintained by the Scottish National Trust.</p><br>
<p>The current building comprises the original 7-bay frontage flanked by later extensions.</p><br>
<p>The stable block is also a Category A building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally built c.1686 by Scottish architect James Smith for his own use. In 1701 he sold the estate to John Bellenden, 2nd Lord Bellenden, who sold it in 1709 to Sir David Dalrymple, 1st Baronet. He renamed the house Newhailes in recognition of Hailes Castle on their family estate at East Linton and added the east wing as a library. On his death in 1721 the house passed to his heir Sir James Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet, the Principal Auditor of the Exchequer in Scotland. Sir James extended and reshaped the house, adding a balancing west apartment wing, and moving the entrance from the north-east to the south-west. The gardens were probably laid out at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Sir David Dalrymple, 3rd Baronet inherited in 1751. He had the house remodelled and the stable block added in 1790 by James Craig.</p><br>
<p>After Sir David&#39;s death the house passed down through a further 6 generations of Dalrymples. It was modernised in 1907 but became empty in 1980. It was acquired by the Scottish National Trust in 1997 and now offers a location for weddings, corporate events and private parties.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Pancras in West Bagborough, Somerset, England was built in the 15th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in the 15th century with additions 1643 and a Victorian restoration in 1872. The north aisle was added in 1839. The organ and communion rails were brought from a church at Brompton Ralph in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The church is away from the main village, close to Bagborough House. The location of the church away from the village is believed to be a result of an outbreak of Black Death, when may of the villagers died. They then abandoned the area around the church and rebuilt houses further down the hill. The lychgate is dedicated to the memory of Robert Brooke-Popham.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Bishop&#39;s Lydeard with Lydeard Saint Lawrence, Combe Florey and Cothelstone within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The red sandstone building has a tiled roof. It consists of a chancel, a nave and aisle each with three bays with wagon roofs. The south porch was added in 1643. The three-stage west tower is supported by diagonal buttresses. The tower has six bells.</p><br>
<p>Inside the church is a tablet with the names of the men from the village who died in World War I.</p><br>
<p>Derrynaflan Church is an ancient church and National Monument located in County Tipperary, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Derrynaflan Church is located on an "island" in Littleton bog, located 4.5 km south of Littleton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The monastery at Derrynaflan ("Oak grove of the Flanns&quot formerly Daire Eidnech, "ivied oak grove") was founded by Ruadhán of Lorrha in the 6th century AD. It came under the patronage of the King-Bishops of Cashel. It was an important culdee centre, but went into decline after Fedelmid mac Crimthainn died in AD 846. Only the enclosure survives.</p><br>
<p>The surviving stone church is a pre-Norman cell with a chancel later added.</p><br>
<p>A Franciscan community existed at Derrynaflan between 1676 and 1717.</p><br>
<p>It is famous as the discovery site of the Derrynaflan Hoard of gold and silver objects of the 8th–9th century.</p><br>
<p>A stone slab found on the site (now in the National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology) is inscribed OR DOAN MAIN DVBSCVLL, "a prayer for the soul of Dubscuile."</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A pre-Norman single-celled church without antae. The east, north and south walls of the chancel with five windows and the foundations of the nave survive.</p><br>
<p>There is also a ring barrow and medieval cemetery. To the northeast is a burial site, supposedly that of the legendary Gobán Saor.</p><br>
<p>Plaikni Falls, is a waterfall located along the East Rim Drive within the Crater Lake National Park at the south end of Mount Scott, in Klamath County, in the USA state of Oregon. The waterfall is located in a glacier carved cliff surrounded by walls of petrified volcanic ash consequence of Mount Mazama eruption.</p><br>
<p>The location of Plaikni Falls wasn&#39;t known by many until the park constructed a new trail in 2011, making the Plainki Falls trail one of the most popular destinations along the Crater Lake Rim Drives. Full views of the cascade can be seen at the end of a 1 mile easy walk, wheel-chair accessible trail. The trail is surrounded by old-growth fir and hemlock forests rich in wildflowers.</p><br>
<p>The name of the waterfall stems from a Native American word that means "from the high country".</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Three Rivers Commercial Historic District is a commercial historic district located along North Main Street, between Michigan and Portage Avenues, in Three Rivers, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original section of Three Rivers, including what is now the downtown and some surrounding residential areas, was platted in 1836 by John H. Bowman. This location immediately began to serve as the commercial center of the settlement, with modest wooden buildings constructed along what is now Main Street as early as the 1830s. A number of mills were constructed in the area in the 1830s and 1840s, and in 1851 the Lockport Hydraulic Company was formed to dam the river and construct a power canal. This was followed in 1853 by the construction of a railroad line through the village. As a result, Three Rivers boomed in the latter half of the 19th century, with a wave of new construction starting in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The oldest extant buildings in the district are the Kelsey block at 39-43 N. Main (built in 1854), the Whitesell and McMurtrie block at 109 Portage (built in 1859), and the 1861 block at 18 N. Main. Further construction filled the downtown in the 1860s, 70s, and 80s. These buildings were constructed almost exclusively by local investors, primarily merchants. Seven of the commercial blocks, however, were built by farmer Isaac Null over the period of 1863-1886. In 1884, Null also built his house, located within the district at 105 W. Michigan. The downtown area remains one of the most intact nineteenth and early twentieth-century downtowns in southwest Michigan</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Downtown Three Rivers Commercial Historic District contains all the structures remaining from Three Rivers&#39; late 19th century commercial center. The district contains 48 structures, including one residence, the former public library, and 46 one- to three-story commercial buildings. The commercial buildings are predominantly Commercial Italianate structures, and are set side by side and directly on the sidewalk. The visually unified and harmonious Late Victorian streetscape gives the district its character.</p><br>
<p>Significant buildings include:</p><br>
<p>Prutzman Block (22-24 North Main), a lavishly detailed two story, seven bay Italianate structure.</p><br>
<p>Three blocks (34, 36 and 38 North Main) with mansard roofs constructed in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>52-56 North Main, a broad commercial block constructed in 1890.</p><br>
<p>Riviera Theatre (50 N. Main), a classical theatre with a projecting Art Moderne marquee, constructed in the 1920s in the shell of an 1860s block.</p><br>
<p>Three Rivers Savings and Loan "south building" (101 S. Main), a single story buff brick Neo-Classical building trimmed with terra cotta, constructed in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Public Library (107 N. Main), a 2-1/2 story cross-gable building constructed of rubble stone with shingled gables. It was built in 1904, and designed by A.W. Rush & Co. of Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>Abisso Bonetti  is a Karst cave in the municipality of Doberdò del Lago , 1 km SE from the small village of Bonetti, near Slovenian border . The cave is one of the most famous cavities in the Gorizia Karst. Anyway, due to its dangerous pit opening, entry is allowed only to expert cavers with the necessary equipment for single-rope descend.</p><br>
<h2>Morphology</h2><br>
<p>Abisso Bonetti is one of the biggest and most well-known cavities in the Gorizia Karst. It opens 186 m above sea level, on a small plateau north of Jamiano (Doberdò del Lago), near Slovenian border. Overall, it is 87.5 m long and 49 m deep.</p><br>
<p>Peculiarity of the cavity is its impressive opening, a 48 m deep, 30 m for 10 m wide abyss, thats an open pit in direct connection with the external environment. The cave has an other entrance, thats a partially artificial gallery connected with the pit. During World War I, Austro-Hungarian Army built a shelter in the gallery. The bottom part of the open pit contains a rubble slope where detritus, plant materials and animal carrions, fallen down from the external environment, are collected. The innermost part of the cave is made up of an underground gallery after that, passing through a tight passage, a big hall is reached. The hall contains collapsed bedrocks and cave formations, including a column that seems like holding up the weight of the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Abisso Bonetti shows a climatic peculiarity. The innermost part of the cave has a stable temperature (12 &deg;C, that&#39;s the annual mean temperature in the place where the cave opens), a typical feature of cavities. Anyway, in the bottom part of the open pit, temperature varies between 10 &deg;C in summer and 2 &deg;C in winter. This part of the cave can be considered a cold trap.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During World War I, between 1916 and 1917, Austro-Hungarian Army used the cave as a shelter and as a field hospital, and adapted it through opening a new entrance in the gallery next to the pit. Because of the present of a number of pigeons, Austro-Hungarians called the cave Taubenloch Höhle or Taubenschlucht ("Pigeons Hole"). The same name (Slovene: Golobinka) was also used by Slovenian people living in the area. In the spring of 1917, Italian Army occupied the whole area and used the cave as a shelter. In 1946, the Rastrellatori ("bomb disposal") unit extracted a number of explosive remnants of war from the cave. However, some remnants of World War I can be find in the cave yet.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the military use, the cave has drawn speleologists&#39; attention. The first survey of the cavity was realised by Colonel Italo Garibotti (SAG) on January 1923. The survey was reviewed by Ugo Stocker (Gruppo Speleologico Monfalconese) on 16 June 1968. During last decades, many speleology schools have used the cave in their first-level courses.</p><br>
<p>Since the 80ths, scientist has carried out a number of botanical, studies and researches in the cave.</p><br>
<h2>The fauna</h2><br>
<p>Abisso Bonetti represents one of the four localities where the ground beetle Typhlotrechus bilimeki tergestinus, a troglobious, depigmented and anophthalmic predator species, can be observed. Other species hosted in the cave are cave dwelling species typical of the Karst area. Troglobites include the spider Mesostalita nocturna, the woodlouses Alpioniscus strasseri and Androniscus stygius, and the round fungus beetle Bathysciotes khevenhulleri tergestinus. Troglophiles include the millipede Brachydesmus subterraneus, two centipede lithobid species, the cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus, the moth Triphosa dubitata, the fly Limonia nubeculosa and a unidentified phorid fly species, the ground beetle Laemostenus cavicola, and the rove beetles Atheta spelaea e Quedius mesomelinus. In addition, bats (in particular the greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and birds (e.g. some specimen of tawny owl) use the first part of the cavity as a refuge.</p><br>
<p>The bottom part of the open pit hosts a number of trogloxene insects, spiders, amphibians and reptiles. In summer, these animals are attracted by low temperature and humidity coming from the pit and fall down. However, if they survive the fall, they stay trapped and cannot return to the external environment.</p><br>
<h2>The flora</h2><br>
<p>In general, the lack of sunlight in caves prevents photosynthesis and plant growth. However, the particular morphology of Abisso Bonetti (a deep pit with a large opening) lets a certain amount of light penetrate the pit, allowing the growth of some plant species. Vegetation in Abisso Bonetti can be divided in four vegetational zones, that are from the top (extern) to the bottom (intern) of the pit:</p><br>
<p>liminal zone (0-10 m): this well-lighted zone hosts trees and herbs growing in the external environment (typical plants of Seslerio-Ostryetum), and some fern species (genera Asplenium and Polypodium)</p><br>
<p>sub-liminal zone (10-25 m): this zone hosts phanerogames (common hazel, balm-leaved archangel, wall lettuce, cyclamen, drooping bittercress), ferns (maidenhair spleenwort and hart&#39;s-tongue), mosses (especially Thamnobryium alopecurum) and the first green algae colonies</p><br>
<p>sub-dark zone (25-40 m): this zone, where light is strongly reduced, hosts mosses, hepatics and some remaining ferns (maidenhair spleenwort)</p><br>
<p>dark zone (40-49 m): only bacteria and green algae colonies can survive here, where light is absent but humidity is high; moreover, molds and fungi (non-photosynthetic organisms) grow on decomposing substances</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In the 90ths, two minerals was found for the first time in an Italian cave. These are crandallite and octacalcium phosphate (OCP).</p><br>
<p>Chaqui&#39;an Massacre Site, at Chalan Emsley in Yigo on Guam, was the site of a massacre in 1944 by Japanese soldiers of 45 native Chamorro men. The men were from 15 to 76 years old, and were dressed in civilian clothes. They were tied and were beheaded. The site, a 1.94 acre area, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP nomination states:Chaguian represents the intense suffering and hardship endured by the indigenous population (Chamorros) of the USA Unincorporated territory of Guam during the 31 month Japanese wartime occupation of the island. Of the many incidents of Japanese military brutality on Guam, the largest known single act of violence is the beheading of 45 Chamorros by the Imperial Japanese Army at Chaguian. The massacre site exemplifies the atrocities committed on Micronesian populations in the Pacific Theater of Operations and epitomizes the tragic extremes that can be inflicted on small, marginalized, native populations without political authority or the prerogative of military sanction in global conflicts. Chagui&#39;an is one of only a handful of war-related massacres of civilians that occurred on USA soil during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Eichener See , known in the Alemannic dialect as the Eiemer See, near Eichen in the Baden-Württemberg county of Lörrach is a periodic  karst lake in the Southern Black Forest in Germany.</p><br>
<p>The lake, which only contains water when there is a high water table, lies in a hollow, a muschelkalk-karst basin. It has no surface inflow, its outflows are partly subterranean and partly through evaporation.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Eichener See lies in the Southern Black Forest Nature Park on the northeastern perimeter of the Dinkelberg ridge between the nearby village of Eichen to the west, which is part of the municipality of Schopfheim, the municipality of Hasel to the east-northeast and the town of Wehr to the southeast. It is located 2.5 km west of Erdmanns Cave (Hasler Höhle) in a shallow valley around 350 metres south of the Bundesstraße 518.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically it is a doline which is periodically filled with water, particularly after snowmelt or after long periods of rain when the groundwater level reaches the surface. In dry periods, the depth of the water table may be up to 40 metres; the deepest point of the groundwater-storing basin lies about 48 metres below the earth&#39;s surface. The background to the large variations in water level are the caverns of the Dinkelberg (which consists mainly of muschelkalk) which can fill very quickly with water, but only empty slowly.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>The bed of the lake is colonised by rich herbaceous community of meadow flora. These may not be grazed or fertilised during dry periods. In the lake lives Tanymastix lacunae of the order of fairy shrimps (Anostraca). The drying out of the lake is essential for its life cycle. This is the only confirmed place in Germany where it is found; there are only seven other sites for the species in the whole of Europe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake is first recorded in 1771, when five people were drowned in a capsized boat. People also lost their lives in the lake in 1876 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>The first scientific description of the lake is probably the article Von einem merkwürdigen See in der oberen Markgrafschaft Baden ("About a notable lake in the upper Margraviate of Baden") by Heinrich Sander, which appeared in 1782 in the magazine, Der Naturforscher. The lake has been protected since 1939 and, since 1983, has been designated a natural monument with an area of 3.75 hectares. In addition it is a Special Area of Conservation at European level.</p><br>
<h2>Extent over time</h2><br>
<p>In years when there is an especially heavy precipitation the (visible above ground) water level can rise to three meters and, within one to five weeks, the lake can reach a size of 250 metres long and 135 metres wide (c. 2.5 ha). It can take from 8 to 160 days for the water to disappear again.</p><br>
<p>Appearance (selection)</p><br>
<p>Mid-January 2011</p><br>
<p>Mid-January 2012</p><br>
<p>End June 2016</p><br>
<p>The Wahbememe Burial Site and Monument, also known as the Chief White Pigeon Monument, is a monument located at the junction of USA Routes 12 and 131 near White Pigeon, Michigan. Is is the burial place of Potawatomi chief Wahbememe , who died in approximately 1830. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The burial site of Wahbememe is on a low rise, located in a small park. It shares the park with memorials honoring fallen soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The monument is eight feet tall, and consists of a granite boulder supported by a concrete base. The base is three blocks high, with a slanting cap transitioning from a wider, two-block high lower section to an upper section a single block high. One side of the boulder is smoothed, and carries the inscription:</p><br>
<p>The base below carries the additional inscription:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Potawatomi controlled a large territory around the southern portion of Lake Michigan, including this area. Around the turn of the century, Wahbememe (White Pigeon) was the chief of a village located west of here, near the St. Joseph River, and was one of the signers of the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. During the War of 1812, when the Potawatomi alied with the British, Wahbememe reportedly served as a messenger between local Potawatomi bands and Main Poc and Tecumseh. He was captured by American forces in 1815. Nothing more is known about Wahbememe, save that he died some time before the first European settlers arrived in the White Pigeon area in 1827.</p><br>
<p>White Pigeon was the first permanent settlement in southern Michigan outside of Wayne and Washtenaw counties. The first settlers arrived in 1827, and White Pigeon Township was organized in 1829. That same year, a Mr. Earl claimed the lot of land on which this site is located, and was told by the Potawatomi that Wahbememe was buried there. Earl built a house at the location, and the Potawatomi promptly burned it leading Earl to build elsewhere and mark the spot with a poplar tree.</p><br>
<p>Although the grave was a well-known landmark to the earliest settlers (indeed, the May 29, 1839, White Pigeon Republican contained a short story on the gravesite), a tradition arose that in about 1830 Wahbememe attended a council in the Detroit area, and, learning of an planned Indian attack on the White Pigeon settlement, ran straight to White Pigeon to warn the settlers. After arriving in time, he then collapsed and died. This story, although commemorated on the monument, is unlikely to be true, as Wahbememe&#39;s grave existed when White Pigeon was first settled.</p><br>
<p>By 1877, the local populace considered erecting a monument at the grave site. Although there was some talk of doing so, nothing concrete occurred until 1909, when the Alba Columba Club, a White Pigeon women&#39;s club, raised funds to construct a monument. A boulder was hauled to the site, and the monument was unveiled on August 10, 1909, by six-year old Willie White Pigeon, a direct descendant of Wahbememe, in front of a crowd of over 4000 people.</p><br>
<p>The monument, however, still stood on private property. In 1922, the owners, Albert G. and Claudia E. Wade, conveyed an easement on a small parcel to the St. Joseph County Board of Road Commissioners to create a park. The county created what is now the Wahbememe Memorial Park at the site. In 1986, the farm which the site was part of was parceled out to make an industrial park, and the new owners deeded the park property to the St. Joseph County Historical Society. The monument was rededicated on July 11, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Marzoni House, built in 1890, is an example of Queen Anne architecture. It was added to the list of National Historical Places in May 10, 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marzoni House, built in 1890 for Louis D. Marzoni, son of Antonio Marzoni, a newspaperman who ran the "The Florida Democrat and mechanics and workingmans advocate" and Pensacola Observer which ran from 1846 to 1856 and fought on the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Louis D. Marzoni, born in 1856, ran a grocery store in Pensacola and worked for a lumber company. He later started a shipping firm, Smith & Marzoni. The house he had built was a model of Queen Anne style architecture. He built the house with old-growth heart pine like the export product from Pensacola. The Marzoni House has twelve foot ceilings and a plethora of custom built detail work and a corner octagonal tower. Very little of the house has been rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Quinlan Mountains are a mountain range in the USA state of Arizona, whose highest point is Kitt Peak at 6,883 ft, which is also the second-highest peak on the Tohono O&#39;odham Indian Reservation, after Baboquivari Peak. The range lies on the eastern end of the reservation about 55 miles southwest of Tucson. They are north of the Baboquivari Mountains, the two ranges separated by the pass at the head of the Pavo Kug Wash. The Quinlan range also sits southwest of Coyote Mountains, separated from them by the Pan Tak Pass. When George J. Roskruge created the official map of Pima County in 1893, he named the range after James Quinlin, who had opened a stagecoach station in the nearby location of Quinlin in 1884. Although the range had also been known as the Quinlin or Quinuin mountains at different points in history, Quinlan became the official name as a result of a Board on Geographic Names decision on April 16, 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Riggins Motel, at 615 S. State Highway 95 in Riggins in Idaho County, Idaho, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It has also been known as Rowe Motel. The listing included five contributing buildings and a contributing object.</p><br>
<p>It is a U-shaped motel complex consisting of two cottages and three multi-unit sections totaling 18 rooms. Its first cottage was built in 1946, a second was built in 1946, and the remainder was built in 1947-50, in 1951-52, and in 1952. They are one-story frame buildings on poured concrete foundations, which "reflect the Minimal Traditional style popular in the 1940s and 1950s." The complex was deemed notable as "The cottages and the motel units composing the Riggins Motel exemplify the combination and transition of early roadside</p><br>
<p>hostelry from the cottage-camp phase to the motor-court phase of American roadside architecture. The buildings embody the characteristics and design typical of post-WWII motel architecture."</p><br>
<p>Pleiness Lake, also known as Lost Lake, is a natural lake located in Eden Township, Mason County, Michigan in the northwestern part of Michigan&#39;s Lower Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Native American settlement</h3><br>
<p>Tribes of the Ottawa people native to Michigan originally spanned from the Grand River to the nearby Pere Marquette River, with tribes migrating throughout the seasons between settlements. In 1855, a federal treaty between nine tribes of the Ottawa, which would later be known as the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, established the Pashawsey Indian Reserve, which settled the Ottawa into modern day Eden Township along the lake. Ownership of the lands in the area was never determined and many moved back to the Manistee River or had left lumber camps in Wisconsin by 1900.</p><br>
<h3>Pleiness family</h3><br>
<p>In 1881, John Jacob Pleiness moved into the area at the age of seven with his mother and father after their home at Fort Hope was destroyed in a fire. In the 1890s, Pleiness established a blacksmith shop on the southeastern plot near the lake, which was then known as Lost Lake, and later established a farm. Between 1887 and 1909, the Mason and Oceana Railroad operated directly south of Lost Lake.</p><br>
<p>The area and much of the United States experienced an extreme drought in the summer of 1930 shortly before the Dust Bowl period, which occurred for the most of the decade. Pleiness son, John Jacob Pleiness Jr., reported in September 1930 that the lakes waterline fell about 26 in to its lowest level in over 40 years.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>In October 1941, communities proposed to change the name from Lost Lake since there were another 25 lakes in Michigan with the same name. It was proposed to rename Lost Lake to Pashawsey Lake in October 1941 to recognize the Pashawsey Indian Reserve that once incorporated the lake into its area, with "pashawsey" meaning "light" in the Ottawa language. John Jacob Pleiness died on November 22, 1948.</p><br>
<p>Since then, cottages have been constructed on the lake and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and county constructed a boat launch and outhouse in the southern portion of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the Michigan Board of Fish Commissioners began planting fish into Pleiness Lake. On August 15, 1905, 75 adult largemouth bass were introduced and an additional 1,500 largemouth bass fingerlings were introduced on July 12, 1906.</p><br>
<p>Fish inhabiting Pleiness Lake include:</p><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>In the 1940s, Eurasian watermilfoil, a submerged aquatic plant, was introduced into North America and became invasive. Similar to other lakes in Michigan, Pleiness Lake has had to combat the growth of Eurasian watermilfoil, with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality partnering with Mason County to spray the lake when necessary.</p><br>
<p>Cuthbert Historic District, in Cuthbert in Randolph County, Georgia, is a 315 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>It is centered around USA 82 and USA 27. It includes Greek Revival, Gothic, and Plantation Plain architecture. It includes a courthouse, a college, a hotel, and other properties among its 34 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The district includes many of the oldest houses in Cuthbert. It includes</p><br>
<p>David Rumph Colonial Inn (1837),</p><br>
<p>Taylor-Bussey-Castellow House (1846)</p><br>
<p>Key House (1842), 305 College Street, built by Jesse Bibb Key with use of his slaves brought from Virginia</p><br>
<p>Atkins-Stanford House (1850)</p><br>
<p>Douglas-Coffin House (1840&#39;s)</p><br>
<p>Gunn Brown House</p><br>
<p>Harris-Whatley House (1849)</p><br>
<p>Daigigakoi Shell Midden is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Shichigahama, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. Due to the quantity, quality and variety of artifacts discovered, it has become a type site for the dating of Jōmon period remains in the southern Tōhoku region. It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1968.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period, and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish, fish, animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts, including earthenware shards, fishing hooks, etc.</p><br>
<p>The Daigigakoi Shell Midden is located on the south shore of Matsushima Bay, at an elevation of approximately thirty-five meters from the present-day coastline. The midden is very large, extending for 270 meters east-west and 280 meters north-south, in a roughly horseshoe shape, indicating continuous usage over thousands of years. In the central clearing, the remains of at least eight pit dwellings have been found.</p><br>
<p>A preliminary survey was conducted intermittently from 1917-1918, 1925 and 1927-1929. More comprehensive excavations were conducted in 1949, 1963 and 1965 by Tohoku University; and again from 1972-1981. Many of the artifacts found are housed in a local museum at the site.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Gaines Historic District in Fort Gaines, Georgia is a 300 acre historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is roughly bounded by the Chattahoochee River, GA 37, GA 39, College, Commerce and Jefferson Streets.</p><br>
<p>It includes Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Neo-Classical Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>It includes the Clay County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>It included 327 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP nomination stated:Fort Gaines is a good intact example of a frontier Georgia town planned and developed in the nineteenth century for a combination of military, political, and commercial purposes. It is historically significant in the areas of exploration and settlement, military history, community planning and development, architecture, landscape architecture, commerce, industry, transportation, politics and government, and historic archaeology.</p><br>
<p>Nishinohama Shell Midden is a Jōmon period archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent settlement located in what is now the town of Matsushima, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It is protected by the central government as a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period, and the locations of such coastal settlements are often marked by shell middens containing shellfish, fish, animal and whale bones and human-produced artifacts, including earthenware shards, fishing hooks, etc.</p><br>
<p>Located on the northwest shore of Matsushima Bay, the shell midden is on a small peninsula abouy 15 meters from the current coastline. The midden measures 130 meters from east-west and 200 meters from north-south. As with the nearby Satohama shell mound, it is considered a type site for Jōmon period artifacts in the southern Tohoku region. Excavation in 1957-1958 and in 1965 found the remains from the early through the late Jōmon period, along with Yayoi period burial mounds. Artifacts included bone fish hooks, harpoons and swords made from bone, along with the bones of deer and wild boar. Some of the earthenware pots found at the site appear to have been used for the production of sea salt.</p><br>
<p>The Crystal Springs Street–Dowagiac River Bridge is a road bridge that carries Crystal Springs Street over the Dowagiac River near Sumnerville, Michigan. It was installed in that location in 2017. Between 1938 and 2016, the bridge was located approximately 50 miles away, and carried M-86 over the Prairie River near Nottawa, Michigan, and was known then as the M-86–Prairie River Bridge. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, and is the last remaining camelback pony truss bridge used on the state trunkline system in Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This bridge was designed by the Michigan State Highway Department in 1923, and was constructed by contractor Ira Lyons.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Michigan Department of Transportation removed the bridge and replaced it with a wider structure. This bridge was restored and moved to Crystal Springs Street over the Dowagiac River in Pokagon Township, Cass County in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The bridge is a riveted steel eight-panel single span camelback pony truss bridge on a rural section of M-86. The bridge is 90 feet long, with a 32.8-foot-wide concrete deck and a 27 feet wide roadway. Five I-beams support the floor. The upper chord is constructed with back-to-back channels with lattice, while the lower chord and verticals are constructed from two pairs of angles with a plate in the middle. A metal guard rail serves as a railing. The bridge is supported with concrete abutments, and U-shaped concrete wing walls line the approach on each side.</p><br>
<p>Day Harbor is a bay on the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, United States. It received its name from various sailors, due to the fact that travel to the head of the bay from Seward typically takes 12 hours. The bay is 25 miles from Seward, and is accessible only by boat. It is a gently curving J-shaped bay separated on the west from nearby Resurrection Bay by the Resurrection Peninsula. Recreational boaters often anchor at Driftwood Bay State Marine Park, or Safety Cove State Marine Park on the western shore due to the often choppy seas and unstable weather of outer Day Harbor. Lesser used anchorages on the eastern shore include Anchor Cove and Bowen Anchorage. Popular activities in the bay include hiking to Ellsworth Lake at the head of the bay where the retreating Ellsworth Glacier calves.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the land surrounding Day Harbor is private, with over 400 different properties.</p><br>
<p>The Little Mulberry Indian Mounds are a series of carefully stacked rock piles located in Little Mulberry Park, Dacula, Georgia. In 1990, architect Michael Garrow counted 200 of these stone mounds while surveying the land ahead of a proposed golf course residential development. The stone piles are typically circular or semicircular in shape. Most of those that have been examined archaeologically have revealed no cultural artifacts beyond the stone structure, while a few have been found to have historical 19th-century artifacts underneath them.</p><br>
<p>A subset of the area, part of its early identification, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Parks-Strickland Archeological Complex. There continues to be scholarly dispute over the function and significance of the structures, although Native American tribes historically associated with the region claim them to have funerary significance.</p><br>
<p>The St. Joseph County Courthouse is a government building located at 125 West Main Street in Centreville, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Centreville was first established as the county seat of St. Joseph County in 1831. The first county offices were located in a leased house. In 1841, Thomas W. Langley, donated land to the county on which to construct a courthouse and a jail, and the first county courthouse was completed the following year. In 1859, two additional office buildings were constructed. However, by the 1890s, the county buildings were becoming dilapidated, and by 1897, the need to repair or replace them had become critical. At first, the county board of supervisors adopted plans to renovate the existing courthouse, but county voters rejected the proposal. In 1899, the board adopted a plan to replace the courthouse, which was approved by voters alter that year.</p><br>
<p>A building committee was formed, and the committee selected architect Sidney J. Osgood of Grand Rapids to design this building. Ionia contractors David C Crookshank and William H. Somers were selected to construct the building. The cornerstone of the new courthouse was laid on September 7, 1899. The construction of the courthouse was completed by August 1900, at a total cost of $34,418.90. The building served to house the local courts until the 1970s, when a new two-story building was constructed south of the old courthouse. The building is still used by the county government.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Saint Joseph County Courthouse is a rectangular, three-story, Richardsonian Romanesque building, constructed of red brick with sandstone trim. The lower level is slightly below grade, and is faced with rock. The building has a hip and gable roof, and a square plan, pyramidal-roofed, arcaded center tower rises to 45 feet in height. The main entrances are to the north and east; these entrances display round-arch stone detailing topped by keystones. A glass-enclosed passageway to the south of the courthouse connects to the Courts Building.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, each floor is laid out in a T pattern, with the principal staircases located near the two entrances.</p><br>
<p>The Malpelo Plate is a small tectonic plate  located off the coasts west of Ecuador and Colombia and south of Panama. It is the 57th plate to be identified. It is named after Malpelo Island, the only emerged part of the plate. It is bounded on the west by the Cocos Plate, on the south by the Nazca Plate, on the east by the North Andes Plate, and on the north by the Coiba Plate. This microplate was previously assumed to be part of the Nazca Plate.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Malpelo Plate was identified by a non-closure of the Nazca-Cocos-Pacific plate motion circuit, reported by Tuo Zhang and lead-researcher Richard G. Gordon et al. of Rice University in a paper published in August 2017. The existence of the plate has been hypothesised before. The formation of the oceanic crust of the plate has been estimated to be since the Middle Miocene (14.7 Ma).</p><br>
<p>The researchers used a Columbia University database of multibeam sonar soundings west of Ecuador and Colombia to identify a diffuse plate boundary that runs from the Panama Transform Fault eastward to where the boundary intersects a deep oceanic trench just offshore of the South American coast, north of the Galapagos Islands.</p><br>
<p>S 9  is the modern name given to a monumental ancient Egyptian tomb complex at Abydos in Egypt. The tomb is most likely royal and dates to the mid-13th Dynasty, during the late Middle Kingdom. Finds from the area of the tomb indicate that S9 suffered extensive, state-sanctioned stone and grave robbing during the Second Intermediate Period, only a few decades after its construction, as well as during the later Roman and Coptic periods. Although no direct evidence was found to determine the tomb owner, strong indirect evidence suggest that the neighbouring and slightly smaller tomb S10 belongs to pharaoh Sobekhotep IV . Consequently, S9 has been tentatively attributed by the Egyptologist Josef W. Wegner to Sobekhotep IV&#39;s predecessor and brother, Neferhotep I .</p><br>
<p>According to Wegner, the tomb might originally have been capped by a pyramid.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>Tomb S9 is part of a royal necropolis dating back to the late Middle Kingdom – Second Intermediate Period, which is located immediately northeast of the causeway leading to the much bigger funerary complex of Senusret III of the 12th Dynasty, close to the ancient town of Wah-Sut and at the foot of the so-called Mountain of Anubis, a natural hill in the form of a pyramid. It was first summarily explored by Émile Amélineau and subsequently excavated by Ayrton, Weigall and Petrie in 1901—1902. The tomb was covered in sand and proved to have been heavily disturbed, for example, the stone roof of the subterranean chambers had been plundered.</p><br>
<h3>Layout</h3><br>
<p>Tomb S9 comprises the remains of a mudbrick inner enclosure wall, over 45 x in size, as well as a section of an outer whitewashed wavy wall in front of the northern side. There, lay a small rectangular chapel of which only one course of bricks survives, and beyond the entrance to the substructures. The overall layout of the tomb complex is very similar to that of the Southern Mazghuna pyramid.</p><br>
<p>The substructures were dug into the hard sand, some 10 ft below the surface, and lined with smooth limestone blocks. A passage leads to a quartzite portcullis, intended to stop tomb robbers from reaching the burial chamber. Beyond the portcullis was a stone-lined chamber 7 x in dimensions, the floor of which hid a further passage blocked by two portcullises, one of limestone and another of quartzite. Beyond, lies the burial chamber housing a massive sarcophagus built from three blocks of quartzite sandstone, roughly hewn on the outside, but well polished on the inside. The southern end of the burial chamber also had a recess meant to hold grave goods. Overall, the plan of the substructures of tomb S9 is similar to those found in the Pyramid of Khendjer. Small fragments of burned wood were uncovered there during the 1901 excavations suggest that the wooden coffin of the king was destroyed. Since then, burned bandages, small pieces of inscribed, gilded plaster from the king&#39;s mummy mask, and pieces of wood and faience inlay, stone jars, beads, and bone needles were unearthed in the substructures as well as in the rubbles of the enclosure wall.</p><br>
<h3>Type</h3><br>
<p>No traces of the superstructures once capping tomb S9 have survived and determining its type—mastaba or pyramid—remains difficult. Ayrton, Weigall and Petrie believed S9 was a mastaba, because of the enclosing wall which they thought would have held the sand packed on top of the substructures. However, the royal nature of S9 and S10 as well as their architectural similarities to pyramids of the late Middle Kingdom in the area of Memphis have led Wegner to suggest S9 might have been a pyramid too. In spite of these arguments, the Egyptologist Aidan Dodson asserts that it is still unclear whether S9 was a mastaba or a pyramid.</p><br>
<h2>Attribution</h2><br>
<p>Excavations in 2003 and in 2014 made it very likely that this structure as well as the neighbouring one S10 were originally royal tombs. At the latter date, during excavations directed by Josef W. Wegner of the University of Pennsylvania, a fragment of a funerary tomb stela bearing a relief naming a king Sobek was found inside the enclosure of tomb S10, on the eastern side of the complex, where a funerary temple might once have existed. In addition, fragments of wooden coffin inscribed for the same Sobekhotep were uncovered in later Second Intermediate Period tombs adjacent to S10. These fragments indicate a late Middle Kingdom date for the construction of S10.</p><br>
<p>While in early press reports, published just after these discoveries, king Sobekhotep I was named as the possible owner of the tomb, further analyses now indicate that S10 might belong to Sobekhotep IV instead.</p><br>
<p>Indeed, not only do the fragments of wooden coffin uncovered indicate a late Middle Kingdom date for the construction of S10, but its size means that its owner would have had to reign for long enough to complete it. This only leaves Sobekhotep III, IV, and VI as possibilities, with Sobekhotep IV being the most likely as he enjoyed the longest reign of these three kings. In addition, Sobekhotep IV is the only one of these kings for whom it is known with certainty that he undertook other works in Abydos.</p><br>
<p>As a corollary, tomb S9 likely belongs to Sobekhotep IV&#39;s predecessor and brother, Neferhotep I. This is perhaps indirectly confirmed by the observation that both Sobekhotep IV and Neferhotep I are known to have been particularly active in Abydos.</p><br>
